2024 Author: Harry Day | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 15:43
In the crisis conditions of the development of society, accompanied by unemployment and other economic hardships, the problem of professional viability becomes especially acute (Kondratenko).
The need for professional psychotherapeutic assistance is currently extremely urgent due to social instability, lack of values and meanings in the family and society, natural disasters.
In this regard, a person's need for a special study of the conditions for maintaining a person's stability in a very unstable society is obviously actualized [9, 3].
The study of the stability of a specialist psychotherapist is directly related to the problem of maintaining a person's stability, since it is this profession that is often stressful. Specialists in this profession are often subject to emotional burnout, since working with people with various psychological problems, and often mental disorders, requires a fairly large amount of resources (optimism, creativity, stress resistance, determination, etc.). “Ability to withstand the critical conditions of professional activity” (Rylskaya, 2009) [4] is an important quality that a psychotherapist should have, since a mental health professional often has to deal with people in times of crisis.
The very concept of "vitality" has a fairly large number of meanings and often they are so diverse that it is sometimes difficult to single out a relevant feature of vitality.
The amorphousness of the terminological field, the semantic inequality of Russian and foreign language lexical variations leads to the fact that the concept of "vitality" is overlapped by numerous related concepts with similar referents. In the everyday life of our foreign colleagues, the following categories are widely used: the sense of coherence, A. Antonovsky, 1979, 1987; M. Bergstein, A. Weizman & Z. Solomon, 2008; M. England & B. Artinian, 1996; A. Dilani, 2008; J. Golembiewski, 2009, 2010, 2012), proliferation (thriving, V. O'Leary & J. Iscovics, 1992; M. Seligman, 1996), invulnerability (N. Garmezy, 1980; D. Clarke, 1995), vitality, cognitive hardiness (hardiness, cognitive hardiness, K. Allred & T. Smith, 1989; R. Brooks, 1994; D. Evan, J. Pellizzari, B. Culbert & M. Metzen, 1993; E. Florian, M. Mikulincer & O. Taubman, 1995; D. Koshaba & S. Maddi, 1999; S. Kobasa, S. Maddi & S. Kahn, 1982), self-resistance (J. Ionescu, 2007; C. Carver, 1989), flexibility, plasticity, resilience (resilience, M. Bernard, 2003, 2004; U. Bronfenbrenner, 1979; N. Carrey, 2007; D. Hellerstein, 2012; A. Hunter, 1989; F Johnson 1999; J. Kidd 2006; A. Masten 2001 2007; H. McCubbin & M. McCubbin, 1986; M. Neenan, 2009; J. Richman
& M. Fraser, 2001; G. Richardson, 2002; M. Rutter 1985, 2007; M. Ungar, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008; E. Werner, 1993, 1995 etc.), self-efficiency (A. Bandura, 1977, 1989), etc. Thus, the concept of "vitality" entails a train of ambiguous, sometimes contradictory associations based on diverging opinions about the phenomenological essence of the relevant concepts [9, 8]. The multiple meanings of the term "vitality" testify to its ambiguous perception in psychological science. The variety of meanings emphasizes the totality of various personality traits that characterize a person's stability in life, his ability to cope with difficult life situations, as well as the lack of clarity in the phenomenon being determined.
In the monograph by E. A. Rylskaya. a new term “professional viability” appears, which means the presence of a certain level of professional knowledge, skills, experience that provide the possibility of survival in a difficult life or professional situation (Rylskaya, 2009) [4], this is “the ability of an individual to acquire an individual and personal way of being profession "[4]. Kondratenko O. A. highlights the psychological components of professional vitality, such as: professional adaptation, self-regulation, self-development, the meaning of the profession as the meaning of life [4]. These components are essential to maintain vitality in the psychotherapist profession. The vitality of the psychotherapist denotes the stability of the specialist in professional activity. His ability to successfully realize himself in the profession, to reduce the risk of emotional burnout.
The question of human vitality today is not only the question of how to survive in troubled times of changes and crises, accompanied by a decrease in the level of material well-being, but also the question of how not to drown in the swamp of permanently increasing and increasing consumption of material goods [9, 8]. This also applies to the professional viability of psychotherapists, where the "reward" for the services provided is one of the components of the psychotherapeutic process and in a situation of receiving funds, it is important to maintain professionalism.
According to our data, there is currently a relatively small number of studies devoted to the study of the viability of the psychotherapist.
The studies "indicate a high overload of psychotherapists in our country, due to the desire of a specialist to compensate for an insufficiently high salary for his work, and at the same time - to the need to restore the psychotherapist's resources as a means of his work" [6, 268].
A number of studies have noted a high emotional intensity of the psychotherapist's work (Bratchenko, Leontyev, 2002; Yalom, 1999; Guy, Liaboe, 1986), the risk of emotional burnout (Naritsyn, Orel, 2001), professional deformation (Trunov, 2004) [6, 257], which do not depend on the approach to psychotherapy (Makhnach, Gorobets, 2010). In connection with the high importance of the work of a psychotherapist, the study of the viability of a psychotherapist in the modern world is an important problem that requires a comprehensive solution not only from the side of psychology and psychotherapy, but also from the side of medicine.
The topic of vitality, resilience of psychological stability of a psychotherapist is mainly considered in the field of prevention of mental disorders resulting from the impact of extreme factors [1].
Considering the problem of viability in relation to the profession of "psychotherapist", topical issues are also: the study of secondary traumatization in a psychotherapist, adaptation of a psychotherapist to working conditions.
Modern researchers of the problem of vitality turn to the material that has been accumulated in the study of phenomena similar in semantic content: adaptation, self-regulation and self-management, self-actualization, coping, self-organization, life-fulfillment and life-creation of a person, stress resistance and stressfulness, the processes of overcoming existential crises, the formation of a person in the context of it. life path (G. G. Gorelova, L. G. Zhedunova, V. E. Klochko, T. L. Kryukova, N. O. Loginova, V. I. Morosanova, S. T. Posokhova, A. O. Prokhorov, Yu. P. Povarenkov, N. P. Fetiskin, R. Kh. Shakurov, EF Yashchenko and others) [9, 3].
Currently, in Russian psychology, the problem of human vitality is being studied by: A. V. Makhnach (2012), A. I. Laktionova (2013), E. A. Rylskaya (2014), A. A. Nesterova (2011), E. G. Shubnikov (2013).
Professional adaptation in stressful conditions was studied by V. I. Lebedev, L. G. Dikaya, G. Yu. Krylova and others [4].
Viability studies are carried out mainly in developmental psychology, where the viability of orphans and adolescents is considered (Makhnach, 2013), the study of factors of resilience in children (Archakova, 2009). It should be noted that at this stage of the study of viability there are no similar holistic developments in the field of general psychological problems of a person in the period of maturity [8].
In foreign psychology, research is being carried out on the study of the following aspects of the viability of psychotherapists: the resources and resilience of psychotherapists (Jesse et al., 2005) [10], teaching the resilience of clients in the process of psychotherapy for PTSD (Meichenbaum, 2014; and others) [11]. V. Frankl, N. Mandela, M. Angelou, M. Fox et al. (Meichenbaum, 2012) considered the way to increase resilience in adverse life events. In a number of works, resistance was studied in different experimental groups (Meichenbaum, 1996, 2006, 2012; Reich et al., 2011; Southwick, Charney, 2012; Southwick et al., 2011) [11].
According to our observations in the domestic literature, studies of the viability of the psychotherapist were not carried out, the personal qualities of the psychotherapist and the counselor psychologist were studied (Makhnach, Gorobets, 2003, 2010; Dmitrienko, 2008; and others), interactive learning in the process of forming resilience among psychology students (Rudina, 2009).
Thus, the analysis of the literature revealed an insufficient number of studies of the phenomenon of the viability of psychotherapists.
Literature:
1. Alexandrova L. A. Towards the concept of resilience in psychology // Siberian psychology today: collection of articles. scientific. tr. Issue 2. Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat. 2003. S. 82-90.
2. Gorobets N. L., Makhnach A. V. The role of the psychotherapist's personality in the medical and psychological paradigms of psychotherapy // Scientific search. Issue 4. Yaroslavl: publishing house of Yaroslavl University, 2003. S. 27-33.
3. Wild L. G. Social psychology of labor: theory and practice / L. G. Dikaya, A. L. Zhuravlev. M.: Publishing house "Institute of Psychology RAS", 2010. 488p.
4. Kondratenko O. A. Psychological structure of the professional vitality of the individual // Actual problems of modern science. 2010. No. 16. S. 143-151.
5. Makhnach A. V. Vitality as an interdisciplinary concept // Psychological journal. 2012. T. 33. No. 5. S. 87-101.
6. Makhnach A. V., Gorobets N. L. Psychological analysis of the activity and personality of the psychotherapist // Social psychology of labor: Theory and practice. T. 1. / otv. ed. L. G. Dikaya, A. L. Zhuravlev. Publishing house "Institute of Psychology RAS", 2010. S. 255-278.
7. Makhnach A. V. Life experience and choice of specialization in psychotherapy // Psychological journal. 2005. T. 26. No. 5. P. 86–97.
8. Nesterova A. A. Socio-psychological concept of the viability of youth in a situation of job loss: author. dis. … Dr. psychol. sciences. M., 2011.
9. Rylskaya E. A. Psychology of human vitality: author. dis. … Dr. psychol. sciences. Yaroslavl, 2014.
10. Jesse D., John C. (Eds.). The Psychotherapist's Own Psychotherapy: Patient and Clinician Perspectives. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2005.
11. Meichenbaum D. Ways to Bolster Resilience in Traumatized Clients: Implications for Psychotherapists // Journal of Constructivist Psychology. 2014. V. 27 (4). P. 329-336.
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