2024 Author: Harry Day | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 15:43
The coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic not only increases the threat to physical health, but also affects the mental well-being of populations in countries with a high prevalence of viral infection. Chinese scientists have published the first large-scale study of the psychological distress associated with the epidemic in China.
The study was based on a self-filling questionnaire. Data collection began on 31 January 2020, immediately after WHO officially recognized the outbreak of the novel coronavirus as a public health emergency of international concern.
The “COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI)” questionnaire was made available online through the Siuvo platform. When compiling the questionnaire, recommendations for the diagnosis of phobias and stress disorders and expert opinions of psychiatrists were used. In addition to demographic data (place of residence, gender, age, education, place of work), information was collected on anxiety, depression, phobias, cognitive changes, avoidant and compulsive behavior, somatic symptoms, and deterioration in social functioning. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by psychiatrists at the Shanghai Mental Health Center. Cronbach's alpha CPDI - 0.95 (p <0.001).
The result was measured on a scale from 0 to 100 points. Scores between 28 and 51 were interpreted as mild to moderate distress, scores above 52 were interpreted as severe distress.
By February 10, 52,370 responses had been received from 36 Chinese provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, as well as Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. 18,599 respondents - men (35, 27%), 34,131 - women (64, 73%).
Psychological distress was found in approximately 35% of the respondents: the result was 29, 29% of the respondents - between 28 and 51 points, in 5, 14% - more than 52 points. The number of points depends on gender, age, education, place of work and place of residence. In women, the level of distress is significantly higher.
The lowest results in the CDPI questionnaire were shown by persons under 18 years old, the highest - by the age groups 18-30 and 60+. The low level of distress in adolescents can be explained by two factors: the relatively low mortality rate in this age group and the low probability of infection due to isolation in home quarantine. The increased anxiety in the 18-30 age group is explained by the fact that young people receive a large amount of information on social networks that provokes stress. The high level of distress in the 60+ age group is due to the fact that it is in this group that the highest mortality rate is observed, as well as the fact that negative psychological factors affect the elderly more strongly.
The increased levels of distress in more educated people may be due to the fact that educated people tend to be more attentive to their own health. Among all occupational groups, migrants have the highest levels of distress. This is likely due to concerns about public transport safety, as well as uncertainty about maintaining expected income levels.
The highest levels of distress are found in the regions of China where the epidemic has spread the most. At the same time, the distress is influenced by the availability of medicine, the effectiveness of preventive measures taken by the authorities. For example, residents of Shanghai have a relatively higher risk of infection due to the fact that the city has a very large number of visitors. However, the level of distress in Shanghai is low. This is likely due to the fact that Shanghai's health care system is considered one of the best in China.
Three events that have a particularly strong impact on the level of anxiety: confirmation that the virus is transmitted from person to person; the introduction of quarantine in the city of Wuhan; WHO's decision to recognize the epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern.
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