2024 Author: Harry Day | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 15:43
Alfred Adler is the founder of one of the branches of depth psychology, which dissociated itself from the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud. Unlike Freudianism, Adlerianism did not receive rapid development, but always remained in the shadows, but from this half-light it has always influenced many psychotherapeutic theories, for example, neo-Freudianism, humanistic psychology and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Adler's individual psychology is one of the oldest psychotherapeutic traditions, the evolution of which also speaks of the evolution of society. And since Adler's time, the view of homosexuality among Adlerians has changed dramatically.
Unlike Freud, Adler did not consider homosexuality to be a variant of sexual function and considered it a pathology. In his views on homosexuality, Adler was closer to the students of Freud, who showed intolerance characteristic of their era.
Alfred Adler believed that homosexuality is a non-constructive consequence of an inferiority complex. Adler's main thoughts on homosexuality can be summarized as follows:
- Homosexuality is "triggered" by a feeling of inability to succeed with the other sex because of competition with its own.
- Homosexuals fear the involved intimacy and committed relationship with the other sex.
- Homosexuals are unstable at work. Both gays and lesbians are hampered by inability to cooperate, excessive ambition and cowardice.
- Homosexuals renounce the obligation to continue the human race.
Thus, from the point of view of Adler, homosexuality is a pathology, since it is associated with an inability to perform tasks that indicate a healthy person, from his point of view, this is the fulfillment of tasks of love, work and community. Adler's followers adhered to similar views, for example - in 1975, Friedberg argued that gays and lesbians have a weaker sense of identity, less social interest, greater interdependence, a hostile perception of society and a violation of the sense of gender identity. Mosak suggested that psychotherapy could change orientation. Almost at the same time, voices appeared among the Adlerians calling for a change in their view of homosexuality, so in 1983, taking into account social and cultural shifts, Kivel called for correcting the theories of homosexuality in individual psychology, which finally happened in 2008, when a separate issue was devoted to the topic of homosexuality. Journal of Individual Psychology, which presented views on homosexuality in accordance with the consensus that by that time had long been established in psychology, psychiatry and sexology.
What does the theory of homosexuality and therapy with gays, bisexual people and lesbians look like today in individual psychology?
Adlerian psychology abandoned its theories of the origin of homosexuality and the ability to correct sexual orientation, so the goals of therapy for homosexuals today are identical to therapy for heterosexuals, but taking into account the cultural and social specifics - to help clients increase their social interest and reduce feelings of inferiority.
Homosexual counselors and therapists who have recently come out are exploring the attitudes of homosexuals towards their community and the possibility of realizing their social interest in it. The therapist may question oppressive social constructs that reinforce homophobic and heterosexual attitudes, therapy should minimize the impact of minority stress, develop social interest and create a constructive lifestyle.
The article is based on the following works:
- Adler Alfred "Practice and theory of individual psychology"
- Alfred Adler “The Science of Characters. Understand human nature"
- Reese Mark J. "Adlerian Life Tasks as an integrative perspective for counseling gay men"
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