2024 Author: Harry Day | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 15:43
We not only look at the world through the eyes of our ancestors, but we also cry with their tears
Daan van Kampenhout
The founder of psychoanalysis, Z. Freud, called the unconscious "another stage" on which "other", behind-the-scenes performances with their own complex, confusing context can be played out.
The main idea of the concept of collective trauma is that the trauma experienced by the group (for example, military events) leaves an imprint on the entire group and brings with it feelings of shame, pain, humiliation, guilt, which are collectively experienced by all members. These feelings have no way out, the loss remains untouched, and they are fixed in this group. These feelings are transmitted to the next generations until the psychological processes are completed.
Collective trauma affects each member of the group and becomes part of the cultural identity. For example, the descendants of the victims of the Holocaust often experience in dreams and fantasies all the horrors of war that their ancestors experienced. Thus, at the core of the collective trauma is a real event experienced by a specific group of people. As a result, a certain complex of memories is formed, which is included in the identities of people belonging to this group.
Nathan P. Kellerman identifies four areas in which the impact of collective trauma is most evident:
Sphere I
Problems with intrinsic value and identity problems, feeling oneself depending on the position of the ancestor "victim / aggressor / deceased / survivor", life, subordinated to the desire for achievements to compensate for the loss of parents, living life in the role of "substitute" for their lost ancestors.
Cognitive sphere
Catastrophization, fear and anxious anticipation of the next tragedy, preoccupation with the topic of death, low stress resistance in situations that may remind of a tragedy.
Emotional sphere
Anxiety of annihilation, nightmares of persecution, frequent decadence, unresolved conflict of anger, feelings of guilt.
Sphere of interpersonal relations
Excessive dependence on interpersonal relationships and an anxiously clinging type of attachment or counterdependence, difficulties in building close relationships and resolving interpersonal conflicts.
"Post-memory" is associated with the perception of history and describes the ability of a single person to recall and feel what he can only know from the stories and behavior of people around him. However, this experience was passed on in such a way that it became part of their own memory.
Rowland-Klein and Dunlop described this process as follows: parents who survived a traumatic event (the Holocaust) project their feelings onto their children, and children introject them as if they themselves experienced the nightmares of a concentration camp. This “investing” in the child of unrelated feelings finds a way out in the form of certain problems and makes him feel that he must live in the past of his parents in order to fully understand what they went through. Parents shift their suppressed, unexperienced grief into the unconscious of their children. Children, on the other hand, are not able to understand internalized feelings and therefore may have an "inexplicable grief".
Daan van Kampenhout describes a personal encounter with the phenomenon of transgenerational transmission of collective trauma. On the eve of his trip to Auschwitz-Birkenau, he developed aerophobia. He writes: “After a certain time, I realized that sixty years ago for a Jew, transportation to Poland meant certain death and that my trip to Poland triggered my internal alarms. When I realized this, I found the appropriate context for my fear, and it disappeared."
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