2024 Author: Harry Day | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 15:43
For some people, the traumatic event was chronic in nature, in such cases its consequences are more pronounced than with simple PTSD. In these cases, there is talk of developmental trauma, multiple trauma, and complex PTSD. Additional symptoms of complex PTSD include:
- violation of the regulation of emotions (severe dysphoria, violation of anger control, self-harming acts, as a way of emotional self-regulation), - impaired consciousness (prolonged states of derealization / depersonalization), - the complexity of self-acceptance and self-perception (helplessness, victim's identity, intense shame, a sense of one's own inferiority, etc.), - pronounced violations in the field of social relations (social isolation, expressed distrust of people), - violation in the value system and other symptoms
Being under the influence of chronic trauma, the child develops a sense of permanent danger, which puts his brain in a state of constant expectation of danger. In cases of developmental trauma, the threat to the child is from people who must meet emotional and biological needs and ensure safety. Thus, the natural source of security (close people) becomes at the same time a source of danger, which leads to the formation of a disorganized type of attachment. The child's psyche is disorganized between the polarities: “I hate you / I want your love”, “come to me / leave me”, etc. These polarities cannot be integrally integrated in the child's psyche. The psychobiological systems of his brain are disorganized, dissociated, separate "parts" of his experience begin to coexist in the psyche: a part that avoids relationships, and a part that strives for them, a part that experiences rage, and a part that experiences fear, a part that knows about the trauma experienced, and the part that does not remember anything, etc.
The repetitive nature of traumatic events leads to the formation of the expectation of an attack in the child, respectively, his body is constantly "mobilized", the concentration of stress hormones increases, which leads to neurohormonal disorders, suppression of the functions of the immune system occurs, psychosomatic diseases develop. The expectation of an attack leads to total mistrust, other people are perceived as sources of danger. The child ascribes negative motives to other people, expects aggressive actions from them, it is difficult for him to believe that the intentions of other people and their attitudes may be different.
Disorganization of mental life leads to violations of the ability to plan activities, control attention, exercise self-regulation, form a stable self-attitude, control impulses, etc. The parts of the brain responsible for the flight / attack reactions are constantly activated, which makes the child's reactions to stimuli from the outside world inadequate to the real situation (fear, aggression, flight, isolation, etc.). A child can see danger in any neutral or even friendly situation.
In some cases, when there was too much violence and in the absence of positive experience, good relationships with other people, the child learns that in this world there is nothing more than violence, humiliation, and neglect. A child can identify with the aggressors and join the ranks of the "executioners", or accept the role of a victim who resignedly takes everything down and does not think that life can contain anything good. In cases of a sexual nature of psychotrauma, the distortion of what is the norm is transferred to the sphere of intimate relationships. Thus, the child transfers the experience of sexual abuse into a new relationship in the role of a victim or abuser.
Developmental trauma disrupts a person's identity, self-esteem and personality, emotional regulation, the ability to enter into relationships and form intimacy. In many cases, this leads to a lack of meanings and values, constant confusion and a preference for life choices doomed to fiasco.
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